منابع مشابه
Electron acceleration above thunderclouds
The acceleration of electrons results in observable electromagnetic waves which can be used for remote sensing. Here, we make use of ∼4 Hz–66 MHz radio waves emitted by two consecutive intense positive lightning discharges to investigate their impact on the atmosphere above a thundercloud. It is found that the first positive lightning discharge initiates a sprite where electrons are accelerated...
متن کاملEnergetic Charged Particles Above Thunderclouds
The French government has committed to launch the satellite TARANIS to study transient coupling processes between the Earth’s atmo sphere and near-Earth space. The prime objective of TARANIS is to detect energetic charged particles and hard radiation emanating from thunderclouds. The British Nobel prize winner C.T.R. Wilson predicted lightning discharges from the top of thunderclouds into spac...
متن کاملRelativistic electron beams above thunderclouds
Non-luminous relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds have been detected by the radio signals of low frequency ∼40–400 kHz which they radiate. The electron beams occur ∼2–9 ms after positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges at heights between ∼22–72 km above thunderclouds. Intense positive lightning discharges can also cause sprites which occur either above or prior to the electron b...
متن کاملLarge-Scale Charge Separation in Thunderclouds
Currently available evidence for the mechanisms thought to be responsible for large-scale charge separation in thunderclouds is reviewed. The evidence suggests that electrically charged precipitation particles are basic to the electrification process but that convective motions are essential in accounting for the electrical energy of active thunderstorms. The relative contributions of air and p...
متن کاملThe Relationship Between Lightning Type and Convective State of Thunderclouds
Thunderstorm case studies and earlier observations are described which illuminate the relationship between cloud vertical development and the prevalence of intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. A consistent temporal evolution starting with peak IC activity changing to predominant CG activity and concluding with strong outflow (microburst) suggests that ice is responsible for both ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1872
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/007143a0